One of the most successful Baptist contenders for the truth in the 18th century was John Gill (1697-1771) , a London pastor who was second to none in the kingdom for scholarly learning and prowess as a preacher. Sadly Gill has faded from the reading of most evangelicals, owing to the fact that his successors held to a radically different view of the gospel. Now he is being rediscovered as the number of publications dealing with him over the last few years show . Something, however, is going seriously wrong. Though contemporary American works such as Thomas J. Nettle\u2019s By His Grace and for His Glory and Timothy George\u2019s essay on Gill in Baptist Theologians show clearly that Gill was no Hyper-Calvinist but a great Reformed 18th century defender of orthodoxy and Baptist apologist, he is being displayed in modern British evangelical circles as a Hyper-Calvinist heretic with not an ounce of evangelical acumen in him. Jack Hoad in his book, The Baptist, maintains that \u201cDr John Gill was the prince of the hypercalvinistic preachers\u201d, calling those Hyper-Calvinists whom he believes adopt \u201ca supralapsarian view that God`s decree of election preceded his decree to permit the Fall of man.\u201d Hoad is convinced that it was Gill\u2019s influence \u2018which was a major factor in the retention of a High Calvinist theology\u2019 in the Baptist churches.<\/p>\n
Peter Naylor, in his history of the Particular-cum-Strict Baptist churches entitled Picking Up a Pin For the Lord, equates Hyper-Calvinism with High-Calvinism which he defines, following Andrew Fuller, as being \u201cmore Calvinistic than Calvin himself\u201d. Of this teaching he says:<\/p>\n
\u2018High Calvinism\u2019 was a theological system which would appear to have co-ordinated two denials. First, there was the denial that God calls all who hear about Christ to believe in him; no man is obliged as a matter of duty to trust in Christ as a condition of salvation. This denial applied to both the reprobate and to the elect. The \u2018reprobate\u2019 are all those who were not originally chosen in Christ before the world began, for whom Christ did not die, who will be left in their sinful state by God, and who therefore will never repent and believe. The \u2018elect\u2019 are all those who were originally chosen by the Father to form the church of God, for whom Christ did die, and who will certainly come to a living faith in the Saviour. The reasoning was that if God alone can, and sometimes does, give repentance and faith, such should be demanded of no man, whoever he might be; sovereign grace is irresistible. Second, high Calvinism denied that it is the responsibility of the churches to call upon all men indiscriminately to repent and to believe in Christ for the salvation of their souls.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Naylor further maintains, \u201chigh Calvinism denied that a person insensitive to his sinfulness should ever be summoned to conversion\u201d and affirms that, \u201cThis approach rested firmly upon the dogma that fallen humanity is beset by an inability to turn from sin and turn to God. So what men cannot do in their own strength, they need not do. \u201c<\/p>\n
Naylor\u2019s words concerning Gill in relation to High\/Hyper-Calvinism are worthy of note. Although he considers a statements by John Ryland Jnr who denied that Brine, Toplady and Gill met Naylor\u2019s definition of a Hyper-Calvinist and although he quotes the Baptist historian Ivimey who believed that Gill\u2019s \u2018correct statements\u2019 were misunderstood by some of his followers, he still holds that, \u201cAmong the Baptists of the period, John Gill was without doubt the most prominent exponent of high Calvinism\u201d. He then goes on to quote Lewis Wayman and John Brine to prove their Hyper-Calvinism, leaving the reader with the impression that Naylor need not quote proof of Gill\u2019s Hyper-Calvinism as no one could possibly doubt it. This approach, which Nettles calls \u2018guilt by association\u2019, is symptomatic of much modern criticism of Gill as witnessed by articles on Hyper-Calvinism from the pens of Robert Oliver, Robert Sheehan and Peter Toon. These writers also see Gill as one of the leading exponents of Hyper-Calvinism but they are very sparing in the evidence they produce against him, preferring rather to bundle him with other alleged Hyper-Calvinistic pastors such as John Stevens and W. J. Styles whom they quote at length. Toon seems to have especially influenced modern critics of Gill. Michael Watts in his The Dissenters, for instance, quotes no original documents in his criticism of Gill but relies mainly on 20 pages of information culled from Toon where, again, no works of Gill are dealt with. Toon seeks to prove that Gill is a Hyper-Calvinist because of his, sometimes very scant, association with other writers including, of all people, Witsius.<\/p>\n
Naylor regards those whom he takes to be Hyper-Calvinists-cum-High-Calvinists as being suspect of Antinomianism because he believes they incline \u201cto the view that repentance is not necessary for salvation; sin does not have to be given up.\u201d He argues that they see man\u2019s incapacity to repent as a natural limitation rather than as \u201ca culpable evil arising from a perverted and sinful heart\u201d. Naylor admits that there is no strong proof of his inkling that High-Calvinists were Antinomians but says, \u201cit is all very suspicious\u201d, obviously believing that, when all is said and done, the cap fits. H. C. Vedder states dogmatically that Gill\u2019s theology can \u201cwith difficulty be distinguished from fatalism and antinomianism .\u201d<\/p>\n
Gill, who always stressed that being justified meant \u2018having been accounted righteous\u2019 rather than \u2018having attained righteousness\u2019 is often called a Hyper-Calvinist because of his doctrine of the eternal justification of the elect. Naylor, again, comes to the fore here and in presenting a rather defective view of Gill\u2019s doctrine, he argues that, \u201cthere were serious defects in this area of Gill\u2019s teaching.\u201d Naylor, quoting from The Doctrine of Justification by the Righteousness of Christ, presents Gill as stressing the activity of God rather than that of man in cold election but fails to highlight Gill`s doctrine of the eternal love of Christ for His Bride which is the essential feature of Gill`s doctrine of justification. This Gill outlined in The Doctrines of God\u2019s Everlasting Love to His Elect, and Their Eternal Union with Christ (1732). Nor does Naylor pay due attention to Gill\u2019s doctrine of the two natures of Christian man and the fact that Christ, slain from the foundation of the world, imputes his own righteousness to His Bride. Again, essential factors which must be dealt with in any analysis of Gill\u2019s doctrine of justification.<\/p>\n
The terms Hyper-Calvinism and High-Calvinism used by these critics of Gill\u2019s preaching and teaching cover a host of ideas, which, if all are true, might substantiate the conclusion of another writer, that Gill\u2019s teaching was \u201ca deviation from Biblical Christianity\u201d. If all that they associate with Hyper-Calvinism is taken into account, the subject of this paper, John Gill, was a supralapsarian, who taught that God does not call all who hear about Christ to believe in him. Furthermore he believed that no man, whether elect or reprobate, is obliged as a matter of duty to trust in Christ as a condition of salvation. Moreover, he denied that a person insensitive to his sinfulness should ever be summoned to conversion because fallen humanity is beset by an inability to turn from sin and turn to God. He is also suspected of being an Antinomian denying that repentance is necessary for salvation and refusing to believe that sin must be given up. Gill is also viewed as a Hyper-Calvinist because his view of justification is defective. All this alleged heresy forced Gill and his flock, it is argued, to lose their evangelistic impulse resulting in declining vigour in the churches under his influence. These serious accusations must now be looked at in detail and the evidence carefully sifted. Was Gill guilty of unbiblical or, indeed, unchristian teaching or was he God\u2019s clarion-caller to his age as this writer believes?<\/p>\n
Supralapsarianism<\/p>\n
Anyone who accuses anybody of being Hyper-Calvinistic on the grounds of Supralapsarianism is treading on thin ice and leaving solid Biblical and even rational reasoning for metaphysical abstractions. The term Supralapsarian as its supposed opposite Sublapsarianism (also called Infralapsarianism) were coined by Dutch academics during the Arminian Controversy in an attempt to understand the relationship between God`s eternal decrees and their outworking in history. The pivoting point appears to be whether the elect and reprobate were ordained as such before the idea of a lapsus, i.e. Fall, entered God\u2019s mind or whether God ordain the reprobate and elect after taking the Fall into consideration. Supralapsarians, it is alleged, are those who place election as first and foremost in rank and time in God\u2019s mind and only subsequently creation and the Fall. Gill\u2019s modern critics seem to be indebted to Cramp for the idea that Gill was a supralapsarian as he states that Brine and Gill were, \u201cSupralapsarians, holding that God`s election was irrespective of the fall of man.\u201d Needless to say, Cramp quotes no primary sources to back up his argument.<\/p>\n
The Sublapsarians are said to believe that God adjusted his ideas of reprobation and election to tie in with the outcome of the Fall. Critics of these schemes say that the Supralapsarians teach that God thus willed the Fall in order to display His grace in election and His wrath against sin in reprobation whereas Sublapsarians are accused of teaching that God permitted man to fall, though he could have stopped it. Both the Supralapsarian and Sublapsarian schemes have no place for the idea that God ordained sin and is thus its author, though especially Supralapsarians are accused of believing so.<\/p>\n
It must be stressed that such speculative theology was not intended by the Dutch divines as a yardstick for orthodoxy and certainly not to distinguish Hyper-Calvinism from Calvinism. The Dutchmen simply strove to define what plain, ordinary Calvinism was. If they had stuck to Calvin\u2019s Institutes, they would have been better served and made better use of their time. Philip Schaff in his eight volume History of the Christian Church perhaps makes a most sensible comment when he says, \u201cThe difference between the two schools is practically worthless, and only exposes the folly of man\u2019s daring to search the secrets of God\u2019s eternal counsel.\u201d Apart from the folly of analysing God\u2019s pre-creation thoughts, there is the even greater folly of trying to sort them out in a chronological or pre-historical order before time and history began! Thus whether a person is presumed a Supralapsarian or a Sublapsarian, this has nothing to do with his orthodoxy as a Christian.<\/p>\n
Hoad links Hyper-Calvinism closely with Supralapsarianism and seems to suggest that the one is a definition of the other. Whether Gill was a Superlapsarian or not, however, is irrelevant to the question of whether he was a Hyper-Calvinist or not. This is especially the case as many writers look upon Calvin as a Supralapsarian himself! Schaff dismisses the relevancy of such theory-building, nevertheless, he argues guardedly that because Calvin taught that the Fall cannot be excluded from God\u2019s decrees and that it is futile to distinguish between what God wills and what God permits, Calvin \u201cmust be classed rather with the Supralapsarians.\u201d Louis Berkoff, in his standard work Systematic Theology, agrees fully with Schaff about the speculative nature of both terms. Berkoff, however, is prepared to state dogmatically that \u201cCalvin was clearly a Supralapsarian.\u201d He says this because of Calvin\u2019s teaching that the Fall was included in the divine decrees. Thus rather than being \u201cmore Calvinistic than Calvin\u201d, to use Naylor\u2019s definition culled from Fuller, in the point of Supralapsarianism, if Gill were a Supralapsarian he would be quite \u2018as Calvinistic as Calvin\u2019 and because of this could hardly be called a Hyper-Calvinist or even High-Calvinist.<\/p>\n
Gill was too experienced a theologian to adopt speculative theories of the Supralapsarian and Sublapsarian kind and would certainly never have entered into the debate were he not pulled into it by writers who preferred to speculate about God\u2019s pre-creation, extra-Biblical thoughts rather than learn God\u2019s will through the Scriptures. In 1736 a man called Job Burt attacked Gill with a pamphlet entitled Some Doctrines in the Supralapsarian Scheme Examined, which did not carry his name. It is clear in Burt\u2019s booklet that he views Gill as a Supralapsarian but it is also very clear that Burt had not the foggiest idea what Supralapsarianism was, confusing it constantly with what was traditionally seen as Sublapsarianism. The main accusation against Gill appears to be that he allegedly refused to pray for the pardon of sin, thus displaying himself as a Superlapsarian Antinomian.<\/p>\n
Gill clearly regarded Burt as a sciolist, but people were reading Burt and as he was spreading unscriptural ideas concerning God\u2019s everlasting love for His elect and His plan of justification for man, Gill felt he must reply with a tract called Truth Defended. In it he denies allegations that his denomination has Supralapsarianism as its fundamental article of faith but shows, nevertheless, how both Sublapsarians and Supralapsarians hold to the doctrine of election as \u201can eternal act of God: that it is unconditional, irrespective of faith, holiness, and good works, as causes and conditions of it; and that it entirely springs from the good-will and pleasure of God.\u201d Gill then explains, quoting original sources, that the Dutch Contra-Remonstrants were not all of one mind concerning how Supralapsarianism and Sublapsarianism were to be defined, nor did they think it of any importance concerning church unity. He argues that we are not to consider God\u2019s plan of salvation, formed in eternity, as a this-happens-before-that event, each event being chronologically and logically subordinate to the preceding event, and decreed because of it, in a cause and effect sequence. God\u2019s plan of salvation is a co-ordinate complete plan made before the foundation of the world, Gill argues, putting his finger on the weaknesses of both systems under dispute:<\/p>\n
On reading Gill\u2019s meticulous criticism of Burt and his outline of the agreements and disagreements between the Supralapsarian and Sublapsarian schemes, it becomes obvious that Gill accepts positions in both at times as being scriptural and rejects positions in both at times as being unscriptural. Contrary to those writers who believe Gill is a Supralapsarian and therefore a Hyper-Calvinist, Gill, at times comes down soundly in the Sublapsarian corner. Burt is obviously under the impression that Supralapsarianism teaches that \u201cwe were not elected as holy and obedient beings, but to the end we might be such\u201d. Gill, however, accepts this teaching but says of it, \u201cI am much mistaken if this is not the settled opinion of all Sublapsarians, except such as are in the Arminian scheme.\u201d Burt had criticised Gill for believing in justification from eternity as if this were a supralapsarian heresy. To this Gill says,<\/p>\n
\u201cI must confess, I never, considered justification from eternity, any other than a Sublapsarian doctrine, proceeding upon the suretyship engagements of Christ, and his future satisfaction and righteousness; upon which foot the Old-Testament-saints were openly justified, and went to heaven long before the satisfaction was really made, or the justifying righteousness brought in; and indeed, if the objects of justification are the ungodly, as the scripture represents them to be, they must be considered as fallen creatures.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
The above brief account of Gill\u2019s very lengthy exposition of his relationship to Supralapsarian and Sublapsarian beliefs is sufficient to show how wary one must be of putting tags and titles on one\u2019s supposed opponents. Gill was certainly no man\u2019s man and reserved the right to be independent from all clich\u00e9 attachments whilst being fully dependent on the Scriptures. It is interesting to note that August Toplady, a close friend of Gill\u2019s, was convinced that Gill was a thorough Sublapsarian and this is obviously the conclusion of Gill\u2019s only biographer of note, Dr. John Rippon. This being the case, it is obviously as futile to brand Gill as being a Supralapsarian as it is to consider Supralapsarians as being by their very nature Hyper-Calvinists.<\/p>\n
The Gospel Call and Duty Faith<\/p>\n
A Hyper-Calvinist, Gill\u2019s major critics say, does not believe that God calls indiscriminately all who hear about Christ to believe in Him. They say this, holding that man is obliged as a matter of duty to trust in Christ as a condition of salvation. It is odd that this opinion is often closely associated with Gill for several reasons. First, this view applied to Gill is an anachronism as the idea of saving faith being the known duty and within the natural ability of all men reached its fullest expression amongst the Baptists in 1785 with the publication of Andrew Fuller`s controversial book The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation. Gill, however, died in 1771 thus obviously having nothing to do with the debate that tore the Baptist churches apart after the book was published. The second reason is that during the earlier part of the 18th century the view of what came to be called \u2018duty-faith\u2019, formerly propagated by Anglican Latitudinarians such as Tillotson, was gaining ground amongst the Independents but Gill, a staunch Baptist, maintained he did not take part in this debate. Even Andrew Fuller believed that Gill did not enter into the controversy and John Ryland Jnr, quoting Gill\u2019s The Cause of God and Truth, argued that Gill never wrote on the subject of \u00b4the Modern Question ` and exonerates him from taking the usual Hyper-Calvinist stand. John Rippon assumes that Gill did enter the debate in later life because of certain \u2018corrections\u2019 he made to his book The Cause of God and Truth. Rippon, however, does not state what these \u2018corrections\u2019, are and how they might have applied to the debate in question .<\/p>\n
In The Cause of God Gill clearly stresses the Christian duty, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, to call and command sinners to repent. All men are naturally bound to repent, argues Gill, because they have naturally broken the law. Commanding them to repent is putting them under the curse of the law which they have broken in their natural state. To Gill, this is a law-ordained need for repentance in the legal sense. What man has broken, he has a duty to mend. This does not mean, however, that man can mend what he has broken and obtain legal righteousness, but he is still a debtor to the law for having broken it. The law forces its demands on every one because all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God. What Gill calls evangelical repentance, is for him another matter. He sees this as a turning form sin to receive pardon in Christ. This kind of turning from sin to Christ can only come about by a sovereign act of God`s goodness which leads to true repentance and Gospel righteousness.<\/p>\n
Calvin taught likewise that there was an \u2018antithesis between Legal and Gospel (i.e. evangelical) righteousness\u2019. Quoting Romans 10:5-9, he argues that there is a righteousness which is according to the Law described by Moses, \u201cthat the man who doeth those things shall live by them\u201d. This is quite different to the righteousness of faith which says, \u201cIf thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.\u201d Calvin then adds,<\/p>\n
\u201cDo you see how he makes the distinction between the Law and the Gospel to be, that the former gives justification to works, whereas the latter bestows it freely without any help from works? This is a notable passage, and may free us from many difficulties if we understand that the justification which is given to us by the Gospel is free from any terms of Law. It is for this reason he more than once places the promise in diametrical opposition to the Law. \u201cIf the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise\u201d (Gal. iii. 18)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Nevertheless, Gill\u2019s teaching was quite misunderstood by Andrew Fuller who drew consequences from it which certainly did not reflect Gill\u2019s thoughts when referring to the Christian\u2019s duty to evangelise. Writing to John Ryland Jnr. in 1809, Fuller says, \u201cThe principle writings with which I was first acquainted, were those of Bunyan, Gill and Brine. I had read pretty much of Dr. Gill\u2019s Body of Divinity, and from many parts of it had received considerable instruction. I perceived, however, that the system of Bunyan was not the same with his; for that, while he maintained the doctrines of election and predestination, he, nevertheless, held with the free offer of salvation to sinners, without distinction.\u201d He goes on to imply that as a result of following Gill rather than Bunyan, \u201cThose exhortations to repentance and faith, therefore, which are addressed in the New Testament to the unconverted, I supposed to refer only to such external repentance and faith as were within their power, and might be complied with without the grace of God. The effect of these views was, that I had very little to say to the unconverted, indeed nothing in a way of exhortation to things spiritually good, or certainly connected with salvation.\u201d In the same letter, however, Fuller confesses to being positively influenced by John Martin who held very similar views to Gill\u2019s. It seems strange that Fuller accepted the Gospel coming from Martin but did not accept Gill\u2019s identical picture of it. The rest of the letter discloses possible evidence why. Fuller claims that he had been initially influenced by John Johnson of Liverpool, but then rejected his ideas. Johnson, who became a Modalist, influenced a number of members at Fuller\u2019s church in Soham that several developed Sabellian and Arian doctrines and the Hyper-Calvinistic minister, Mr Eve, a lover of Johnson, had to leave because of his extreme views and fruitless ministry. Johnson went far more severe than Gill`s regarding the free offer and taught that as faith was a gift and not a duty, unbelief was not a sin. It seems that Fuller confused Johnson\u2019s teaching with that of Gill, as was quite common at the time . Fuller also confessed to have been influenced in his understanding of the Gospel by reading the works of John Edwards of Cambridge (1737-1716),which he found \u2018good\u2019, obviously mistaking the Cambridge man for Jonathan Edwards of New England whom had been recommended to him by his friend Robert Hall, Sen. of Arnsby. One scholarly work links John Edwards with the Cambridge Neo-Platonists . This could explain why Fuller emphasises the figurative nature of penal redemption and imputation in his theology rather than their historical vicarious aspect and stresses natural abilities and duties to strive for higher things. It is interesting to note that the modern critics of Gill quoted above, invariably follow Fuller`s misunderstanding of Gill\u2019s theology of evangelism. A case in point is Robert Oliver`s recent censure of Gill where he states: \u201cGill made his own position quite clear in 1752, when he wrote:- \u2018. . . that there are universal offers of grace and salvation made to all men, I utterly deny\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n
This short quote, removed from its contextual and even syntactical position, has been passed on from writer to writer and has been used as the major, and in most cases the only, proof that Gill was a Hyper-Calvinist with a false view of evangelism, causing him never to exhort sinners to repentance and faith. The words so chosen are used to suggest that Gill left possible reprobates out of his general offers of grace but Gill is not arguing in that direction at all. He is claiming that saints and sinners alike are never called universally, en bloc, to salvation or judgement but always particularly, in God\u2019s good time. Given the wider context, Gill\u2019s words can hardly be used as evidence that he had left the realms of orthodoxy. Rather than denying evangelism, Gill is actually emphasising its importance and scope within the world-wide strategy of the Holy Spirit. The pastor-scholar thus says:<\/p>\n
\u2018The gospel is indeed ordered to be preached to every creature to whom it is sent and comes; but as yet, it has never been brought to all the individuals of human nature; there have been multitudes in all ages that have not heard it. And that there are universal offers of grace and salvation made to all men, I utterly deny; nay, I deny that they are made to any; no, not to God`s elect; grace and salvation are provided for them in the everlasting covenant, procured for them by Christ, published and revealed in the gospel, and applied by the Spirit .\u2019<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
The context is very important and very particular. Gill is here defending Christ\u2019s effectual call of His sheep and writing specifically against Whitby\u2019s and Wesley\u2019s teaching concerning a universal atonement and their theory that all have been atoned for and thus all are in a position to respond to the Gospel when this is indiscriminately offered on a take it or leave it basis. Gill rejects this kind of evangelism, saying that though we are ordered to preach the Gospel to every creature, the Spirit guides us to His own and these are effectually called. The Spirit speaks to particular sinners, at particular times and in particular places, making them \u2018sensible\u2019 to their lost situation and draws them to Himself. The Spirit, however, moves where He will at the time He determines. This means that even the elect must await their turn before being effectually called.<\/p>\n
In The Cause of God, Gill makes it quite plain that the Gospel is to be preached to all, as the Spirit leads, but it comes as \u2018a savour of death unto death\u2019 for some and \u2018a savour of life unto life\u2019 for Christ\u2019s Bride. Gill specifically emphasises that he is not denying the use of \u2018calls, invitations, and messages of God to men by his ministers\u2019 but maintaining that such calls, etc. are \u2018not sufficient in themselves, without powerful grace, to produce true faith in Christ, evangelical repentance towards God, and new spiritual obedience, in life and conversation.\u2019 Gill can argue in this way because he believes that there is a two-fold call in evangelism. First there is the internal effectual call which is the \u2018powerful operation of the Spirit of God on the soul\u2019 which cannot be resisted, then there is the external call by the ministry of the Word which, \u2018may be resisted, rejected, and despised, and become useless.\u2019 Such teaching, when compared with Calvin\u2019s exposition of God\u2019s call in Book II, Chapter XXIV of his Institutes reflects fully the heart of Calvinism. Even Andrew Fuller acknowledged Gill\u2019s evangelistic outreach at times, in fact modern Fullerites tend to be far more critical of Gill than Fuller himself .<\/p>\n
The Insensitivity and Inability of Man<\/p>\n
Next, the suspicion that Gill denied that a person insensitive to his sinfulness should ever be summoned to conversion and argued that fallen humanity is beset by an inability to turn from sin and turn to God, must be dealt with, particularly as it is assumed that such a denial reveals a Hyper-Calvinist behind it. One of Gill\u2019s earliest writings was a declaration of faith which he drew up and entered into his church-book at the start of his ministry. Paragraph Four of the Declaration of the Faith and Practice of the Church of Christ in Carter Lane, Southwark, reads:<\/p>\n
\u201cWe believe that God created the first man, Adam, after his image, and in his likeness, an upright, holy, and innocent creature, capable of serving and glorifying him: but he sinning, all his posterity sinned in him, and came short of the glory of God; the guilt of whose sin is imputed; and a corrupt nature derived to all his offspring descending from him by ordinary and natural generation: that they are by their first birth carnal and unclean; averse to all that is good, incapable of doing any, and prone to every sin: and are also by nature children of wrath, and under a sentence of condemnation; and so are subject, not only to a corporal death, and involved in a moral one, commonly called spiritual; but are also liable to an eternal death, as considered in the first Adam, fallen sinners; from all which there is no deliverance, but by Christ, the second Adam.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Of special note here is the fact that Gill sees the Fall as permeating the very being and nature of man and not merely his will to believe. Man is physically, spiritually and morally fallen. He cannot serve God of himself either in body, soul, or spirit. Much later in his ministry, Gill had still not moved an inch from this position. Expounding John 5:40, \u201cAnd ye will not come to me, that ye might have life,\u201d he says:<\/p>\n
\u201cThese words are so far from being expressive of the power and liberty of the will of man to come to Christ , that they rather declare the perverseness and stubbornness of it; that man has no desire, inclination, or will, to go to Christ for life, but rather go anywhere else, than to him. Man is stout-hearted, and far from the righteousness of Christ, and submission to it; is not subject to the law of God, nor the Gospel of Christ; nor can he be, till God works in him both to will and to do of his good pleasure; or until he is made willing in the day of his power. No one can come to Christ, except the Father draw him; nor has he a will to it, unless it is wrought in him.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Again of special note here is the fact that man, according to Gill, in spite of his inability to come to Christ because of his sin, is responsible for not doing so. He thus adds:<\/p>\n
\u201cThough man lies under such a disability, and has neither power not will of himself to come to Christ, when revealed in the external ministry of the gospel, as God\u2019s ways of salvation, is criminal and blame-worthy; since the disability and perverseness of his will are not owing to any decree of God, but to the corruption and vitiosity of his nature, through sin; and therefore, since this vitiosity of nature is blame-worthy; for God made man upright, though they have sought out many inventions, which have corrupted their nature; that which follows upon it, and is the effect of it, must be so too.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Perhaps the strongest passage of Scripture dealing with the insensitivity and inability of fallen man to understand the Gospel is I Cor. 2:14 which Gill expounded in his Cause of God and Truth. \u201cBut the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him, neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned .\u201d It is clear to Gill that this text proves conclusively that the Gospel of Christ can only be a stumbling block and foolishness to unconverted ears unless they are attended with a demonstration of the Spirit and power such as shown when Christ`s elect hear His voice through the preached word and follow Him.<\/p>\n
Seeing that such writers as Naylor maintain that a Hyper-Calvinist is one who views man\u2019s incapacity to repent as a natural limitation rather than as \u201ca culpable evil arising from a perverted and sinful heart\u201d, there are no grounds for them to call Gill a Hyper-Calvinist on this count as the Baptist scholar\u2019s views was fully orthodox. Concerning Gill\u2019s position reflected in his 1729 statement of faith, Timothy George writes, \u201cBunyan and Keach before him, and Fuller and Spurgeon after him, could have embraced without reservation Gill\u2019s congregational confession which, in reality, was merely an abstract of the 1689 Second London Confession.\u201d Nettles even argues that Gill was less radical in certain points of theology than Bunyan and Keach!<\/p>\n
Antinomianism<\/p>\n
Most of Gill\u2019s critics have difficulty in demonstrating outright that Gill was an Antinomian but they nevertheless link him strongly with that faction. Hoad connects Antinomianism directly with the Particular Baptists and says that it was Gill\u2019s \u201cinfluence which was a major factor in the retention of a \u2018High Calvinist theology\u2019 of a substantial part of those churches\u201d. Naylor maintains that Hyper-Calvinism is a \u201cbenign form of Antinomianism\u201d and quotes Augustus Montague Toplady in his definition of what an Antinomian believes, i.e.<\/p>\n
\u201cThat believers are released from all obligation to observe the moral law as a rule of external obedience: That, in consequence of Christ`s having wrought out a justifying righteousness for us, we have nothing to do, but to sit down, eat, drink, and be merry; that the Messiah`s merits supersede the necessity of personal inherent sanctification .\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Naylor\u2019s choice of Toplady in defining Antinomianism is most odd. Toplady was one of John Gill\u2019s most intimate friends and regarded Gill as a pastor, scholar and brother in Christ par excellence. Furthermore Toplady stressed that Gill was the one person who, in face of the perpetual Arminian accusation of being an Antinomian had shown that \u201cthe Doctrine of Grace does not lead to Licentiousness \u201d and that \u201chis moral demeanour was more than blameless\u201d. As Naylor accepts Toplady\u2019s definition of Antinomians uncritically, one would have expected him to have also respected Toplady\u2019s view of who was morally blameless.<\/p>\n
Gill was often maliciously accused of Antinomianism outside of his denomination throughout his Christian life. One of his most prolific antagonists in this matter was Dr. Abraham Taylor an Independent minister and college lecturer. Taylor had continually accused Gill of being against good works and thus an Antinomian and Gill had written a long letter to him explaining that he was nothing of the kind. Taylor never replied to this letter.<\/p>\n
Six years later a work was published which Taylor thought showed severe signs of Antinomianism. Though the work bore the name of the author, which was not Gill, Taylor immediately associated Gill with the work, claiming that he was the author under an assumed name. Without checking his suspicions, Taylor produced a pamphlet which he named An Address to young Students in Divinity, by way of Caution against some Paradoxes, which lead to Doctrinal Antinomianism.<\/p>\n
The work was a monstrous display of abuse in which no vulgarism was considered to low to be levelled at Gill who could only say, \u201cWhen these ill names and hard words are taken out, there is very little left for me to reply to.\u201d Nevertheless Gill replied as Taylor\u2019s message in his pamphlet made true holiness an impossibility and attributed to man what only God can provide.<\/p>\n
In his reply entitled The Necessity of Good Works Unto Salvation Considered Gill opens by disclaiming any connection whatsoever with the work Taylor assumed was his, stating that there is not a line in it from his pen and that he did not know of the book until it appeared in print. Regarding Antinomianism, Gill defines it as \u201ca denying, or setting aside the law of God, as a rule of life, action, or conversation.\u201d As Taylor is obviously calling Gill an Antinomian because he does not believe that good works move God to save the good worker, Gill protests:<\/p>\n
\u201cThough we say, that works are not necessary to salvation; do we say, that they are not necessary to anything else? Do we say, that they are not necessary to be done in obedience to the law of God? Do we say, that the commands of the law are not to be regarded by men? That they are things indifferent, that may be done, or not done? No; we say none of these things, but all the reverse. Do we make void the law through this doctrine? God forbid: Yea, we establish the law, as it is in the hands of Christ our Lawgiver; to which we desire to yield a cheerful obedience; to show our subjection to him as King of saints, and to testify our gratitude for the many blessings of every kind we receive from him .\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Regarding good works, Gill tells Taylor:<\/p>\n
\u201cThat they are necessary to be done, or ought to be done, by all that hope to be saved by the grace of our lord Jesus Christ, is readily granted; but not in point of salvation, in order to that, or with a view to obtain it. Good works are necessary to be done, on account of the divine ordination and appointment; for such as are the workmanship of God are created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained, that they should walk in them. They are necessary, necessitate precepti & debiti, on account of the will and command of God, and of that obedience we owe to God, both as creatures, and as new creatures. They are necessary upon the score of obligation we lie under to him, and in point of gratitude for the numerous mercies we receive from him, and that by them both we and others may glorify him our father which is in heaven. They are necessary to adorn the doctrine of God our Saviour, to recommend religion to others, to testify the truth of our faith, and give evidence of the reality of internal holiness. They are necessary for the good of our neighbours, and for the stopping of the mouths of our enemies.\u201d<\/p>\n
After such a testimony, it would seem a sheer impossibility to accuse Gill of being an Antinomian who saw no need for good works. This is also the conclusion of Timothy George who emphasises that \u201cAnyone who has examined Gill\u2019s Body of Practical Divinity or looked at his sermons on The Law Established by the Gospel (1756) and The Law in the Hand of Christ (1761) will know how spurious is the charge of antinomianism against him.\u201d<\/p>\n
Eternal Justification<\/p>\n
Gill\u2019s doctrine of eternal justification was rejected by the Fuller-Hall school of later years as being a product of a Hyper-Calvinistic, Particular Baptist era in which Gill\u2019s teaching had \u2018almost oracular quality\u2019. Fuller, as Graham Harrison shows in his Dr Gill and his Teaching, looked upon what he called \u2018the sentence of justification\u2019 as being merely \u2018the voice of God in the Gospel, declaring that whosoever believeth shall be saved.\u2019 Justification has thus nothing to do with \u2018a purpose in the Divine mind\u2019. Now justification, for Gill, was certainly something far greater and more specific than a general invitation to believe with no fixed purpose involved in the Divine mind. It was the gracious lifting of the sentence of certain death on certain individuals and the salvation of certain souls which had been God\u2019s fixed purpose since before the world began, motivated by \u00b4the going forth of his heart in love to them, and thereby uniting them to himself\u2019. This \u2018going out in love\u2019 resulted in \u2018The union of God\u2019s elect unto him, their adoption by him, justification before him, and acceptance with him, being eternal, internal and immanent acts in God\u2019.<\/p>\n
Justification with regards to the eternal mind of God was not Gill`s full teaching on the subject. He argued in his treatise entitled Of other and immanent Acts in God, particularly Adoption and Justification that both adoption and justification are enacted in \u2018a variety of degrees\u2019, namely in divine predestination, in Christ and then in believers themselves . These varieties display God`s activity in what he calls \u2018active justification\u2019 i.e. \u2018it is God that justifies\u2019, and what he calls \u2018passive justification\u2019, which is \u2018the act of God, terminating on the conscience of the believer.\u2019 Faith then, for Gill has no causal part in justification but it is \u2018a transient declarative act terminating on the conscience of the believer\u2019 calling him to the knowledge and comfort of what God has pre-ordained for him.\u2019 Thus, although Gill insists that justification is eternal, in that it is eternally in the divine will, he can also argue that faith is \u2018a pre-requisite to the knowledge and comfort of it, and to a claim of interest in it; and this is readily allowed, that no man is evidently and declaratively justified until he believes \u2018.<\/p>\n
Here, as in the question of Antinomianism, Gill\u2019s main contemporary antagonist was Abraham Taylor who argued that Gill, because of his doctrine of eternal justification, taught that Christ always regarded his Bride as sinless and was thus never angry with her because of her sin. Gill confesses to believing absolutely that Christ saw no sin in his Bride and claims that it is one of the most comforting of his beliefs and is what makes the Gospel good news to him. This, however, does not mean that there is no sin in believers and God was thus never angry with them. In his God\u2019s Everlasting love to His Elect and their Eternal Union with Christ Gill deals with this problem under four heads, arguing first that sin is in all believers and if a man says he has no sin, he deceives himself. Second, sin is not only in the saints but is sadly actively committed by them as \u201cthere is not a just man upon earth, that doth good and sinneth not.\u201d In conjunction with this second point Gill admits that the Bible also says that \u201cwhosoever is born of God, doth not commit sin, because he is born of God,\u201d Gill explains this apparent contradiction by outlining the Biblical teaching of the two Adams, the New Adam, who does not commit sin, indwelling the old creature in Adam who cannot but commit sin. This doctrine of the two Adams is at the heart of Pauline teaching and very much Gill\u2019s but it is overlooked by the bulk of Gill\u2019s critics as is also his doctrine of Christ\u2019s imputed righteousness which is so closely allied to it. For Gill, no holiness was possible without the perfect indwelling Christ in the new creature which was the outcome and outworking of Christ`s imputing His own righteousness in His otherwise unrighteous Bride.<\/p>\n
Thirdly Gill argues that though believers are justified from all sin by Christ\u2019s righteousness imputed to them, sin is still in their old nature and will remain there until death and the putting on of the resurrection body. Fourthly, Gill explains that the work of sanctification will thus never be complete in this life, which is a life of grace and would not be such if the old man had become perfect.<\/p>\n
Next Gill challenges the idea of God behind any human statement that God could not see the sin of His people. Quoting Job 34:21-22, \u201cHis eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings; there is no darkness nor shadow of death, where the workers of iniquity may hide themselves\u201d he shows that God\u2019s not seeing is with the eye of justice as He no longer has cause to punish His people. This does not mean that God deals with His children like an over-indulgent Father with spoilt brats. Whom He loves, He chastens and makes it quite clear that, \u201cIf his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgements; if they break my statutes, and keep not my commandments; then will I visit their transgressions with the rod, and their iniquity with stripes; nevertheless my loving-kindness will I not utterly take from them, nor suffer my faithfulness to fail.\u201d Thus no one, not even God Himself, can lay any thing to the charge of God`s elect as God Himself has justified them in Christ. Their trespasses have been laid to Christ\u2019s charge and He has made satisfaction for them, sinners as they still are. This does not mean that God is not angry when His children sin and closes His eyes to rid Himself of the responsibility. There will always be a need for His chastening rod, Gill argues, until the elect are gathered in at the end of time.<\/p>\n
Taylor, striving to place Gill in the Antinomian camp, argued that those of a former century who allegedly believed in eternal justification were Antinomians, therefore Gill must be one, too. Gill had no difficulty in showing Taylor that such alleged Antinomians as Eaton, Saltmarsh and Crisp did not hold to the doctrine of eternal justification at all, whereas Taylor`s own father, a theologian of no mean moral calibre, did!<\/p>\n
Gill, no \u2018lone-runner\u2019 by any means in his doctrine of eternal justification, follows Witsius, Macovius, Ames, Hoornbeck and Goodwin closely. Because of this support from other completely orthodox men, Harrison warns against dismissing this doctrine \u2018with a contemptuous wave of the theological hand\u2019, also pointing out that Gill\u2019s \u2018desire was to give to the Lord all the glory and the credit that was due to His most holy name.\u2019 George also gives Gill a fair hearing here and realises that the doctrine was safe in Gill\u2019s balanced hands but finds it \u2018perilous\u2019 for those who might misuse it to believe that they are justified irrespective of their personal response to Christ.<\/p>\n
Gill\u2019s Presumed Lack of Vigour in Evangelism.<\/p>\n
It is very difficult to conceive that anyone familiar with the ministry of John Gill could accuse him of being without vigour in preaching the Gospel to sinful man. Gill\u2019s church at Carter Lane was renowned throughout the country for the power of Gospel preaching which was maintained in it and John Rippon, who succeeded Gill in the pastorate and William Button who published his sermons tell of the influence of his message of joyful Christian experience which spread far and wide amongst the Baptists and influenced \u201call the evangelical denominations at home and abroad\u201d. Furthermore Gill was one of the very few Baptist preachers who took a very active part in working with Anglican Calvinists who were pioneering the Great Awakening in the middle 18th century. James Hervey, who is attributed with pastoring the first evangelical Anglican parish in the Midlands, received ever new impulses from Gill`s sermons and theological works and snatched up his books with the print fresh on them whenever he could. To him, Gill`s message was \u2018such a rich and charming displays of the glories of Christ\u2019s person, the freeness of his grace to sinners, and the tenderness of his love to the church, as cannot but administer the most exquisite delight to the believing soul.\u2019 Hervey highlights the beauty of Gill\u2019s language in spreading the good news of Christ\u2019s love for sinners. Judging by the way modern writers speak of Gill one would imagine that he was as dry as dust and boringly analytical and systematic. Nothing could be further from the truth! Gill\u2019s language is indeed often a warm, even poetic, appeal to the heart. Reading his exposition of The Song of Solomon is a transportation into the heavenly language of true love full of vigour and commitment. Gill lived this language and commitment out in his sermons, preaching so energetically and emotionally that those sitting near his pulpit regularly passed handkerchiefs up to their pastor during his sermon so that he could wipe away his profuse perspiration.<\/p>\n
August Montague Toplady also found none in England to challenge Gill as a scholar-pastor and preacher. The huge list of subscribers to Gill\u2019s books bear the names of many evangelical leaders in a good number of Christian denominations. Furthermore Gill stands alone in the Baptist denominations as one who wrote extensively on almost every single branch of evangelical theology and these works \u2013 almost in their massive entirety \u2013 are still in print today and still available to lovers of true evangelistic theology.<\/p>\n
Those critics who imagine that Gill refused to preach repentance and conversion need take note of what Gill actually did preach and teach on the subject. Two of Gill\u2019s favourite texts were Isa. 24:16 \u201cLook unto me, and be ye saved, all ye ends of the earth\u201d, and 2 Chron. 16:9 \u201cFor the eyes of the Lord run to and fro throughout the whole earth, to shew himself strong in the behalf of them whose heart is perfect towards him.\u201d Time and time again he refers to his duty to gather together Christ\u2019s sheep who were scattered abroad. Preaching at the induction of John Davis, Gill told him, \u201cSouls sensible to sin and danger, and who are crying out, What shall we do to be saved? you are to observe, and point out Christ the tree of life to them; and say, . . . . Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ and thou shalt be saved, Acts XVI: 31.\u201d He goes on to stress, \u201cYour work is to lead men, under a sense of sin and guilt, to the blood of Christ, shed for many for the remission of sin, and in his name you are to preach the forgiveness of them.\u201d Who can mistake his evangelical objectives when he urges the Gospel minister to, \u201cBe faithful, labour to shew the one and the other their wretched state by nature; the necessity of repentance towards God, and faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, in his blood, righteousness, and atoning sacrifice, for peace, pardon, justification, and salvation? \u201c<\/p>\n
At the ordination of George Braithwaite of Devonshire Square, Gill says solemnly, \u201cMinisters are Instruments by whom Souls believe, and so are saved; the Word preached by them being by the Grace of the Spirit, an engrafted Word, is able to save them; and the Gospel being attended with the Demonstration of the Spirit, is the Power of God unto Salvation. What can, or does, more strongly engage Ministers to take heed to themselves, to their Doctrine, and abide therein, than this? That they may be useful in the Conversion, and so the Salvation of precious and immortal Souls. \u2018He that converteth a Sinner from the Error of His Ways, shall save a Soul from Death, and shall hide a Multitude of Sins (James 5:20)\u2019 \u201c<\/p>\n
Preaching to his congregation which often included some hundreds of unconverted \u2018hearers\u2019, Gill could plead from Matthew 11:28:<\/p>\n
\u201cChrist having signified, that the knowledge of God, and the mysteries of grace, are only to be come at through him, and that he has all things relating to the peace, comfort, happiness, and salvation of men in his hands, kindly invites and encourages souls to come unto him for the same: by which is meant, not a local coming, or a coming to hear him preach; for so his hearers, to whom he more immediately directed his speech, were come already: and many of them did, as multitudes may, and do, in this sense, come to Christ, who never knew him, nor receive any spiritual benefit by him: nor is it a bare coming under the ordinances of Christ, submission to baptism, or an attendance at the Lord\u2019s supper, the latter of which was not yet instituted,; and both may be performed by men, who are not yet come to Christ: but it is to be understood of believing in Christ, the going of the soul to him, in the exercise of grace on him, of desire after him, love to him, faith and hope in him: believing in Christ, and coming to him, are terms synonymous, John vi.35. Those who come to Christ aright, come as sinners, to a full, suitable, and able, and willing Saviour; venture their souls upon him, and trust in him for righteousness, life, and salvation, which they are encouraged to do, by this kind invitation; which shows his willingness to save, and his readiness to give relief to distressed minds .\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Ardent critics may not be impressed by the above as they miss the direct end-of-sermon-appeal in the \u00b4you` form to listening sinners. Gill has many such direct addresses to sinful man as in his sermon on The Character and End of the Wicked where he closes with the exhortation, \u201cThere is no way of escaping the wrath to come, due to the sons of Belial, but by fleeing for refuge to lay hold on the hope set before you in the everlasting gospel; by fleeing to Christ, turning to him, the strong hold, as prisoners of hope; and, being justified by his blood, you shall be saved from wrath, through him. It is he, and he only, who delivers from wrath to come.\u201d<\/p>\n
Gill had a powerful message for the 18th century. His contemporary James Hervey was convinced that Gill`s teaching, under God, would also be especially relevant to the generations to come. Toplady expressed the same conviction in his typical forthright way, saying,<\/p>\n
\u201cHis Doctrinal and Practical Writings will live, and be admired, and be a standing blessing to posterity, when their opposers are forgotten, or only remembered by the refutations he has given them. While true Religion, and sound Learning have a single friend remaining in the British Empire, the works and name of Gill will be precious and revered\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
It was full agreement with this conclusion that gave rise to this paper.<\/p>\n
First published by Baptist Quarterly, October, 1995.<\/p>\n
George Ella<\/p>\n
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George M. Ella is a historian, author and biographer. His writings may be accessed at the online archived, \u201dBiographia Evangelica<\/a>\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n