Concerning The “Fate” Of The Ancients From The Latin Justus Lipsius.[1] Fate (says Apuleius), according to Plato, is that, whereby the purposes and designs of God are accomplished. Hence the Platonics considered providence under a threefold distinction: (1) The providentia prima, or that which gave birth to all effects, and is defined, by them, to be the intention or will of the supreme God. (2) The providentia secunda, or actual agency of the secondary or inferior beings, who were supposed to pervade the heavens, and from thence, by their influence, to regulate and dispose of all sublunary things, and especially to prevent the extinction of any one species below. (3) The providentia tertia, supposed to be exerted by the genii, whose office it was to…

Concerning the Predestination of the Muslims. The reader may, if he pleases, consider himself as entered, at present, on a kind of historical voyage. Some people pretend to think that we are in full sail for Constantinople, and that predestination is at once the compass by which we steer, and the breeze by which we are carried plump into the Grand Seignior's harbour. Predestination and the ineluctabilis ordo rerum are, according to these sage Arminian geographers, situate only in the latitude of Muhammad, and every man who believes with Scripture that God "worketh all things after the counsel of His own will," and, with our Church, that all things, both in heaven and earth, are ordered by a never-failing providence—every man who thus believes is,…

Concerning the Predestination of the Papists. It is asserted that Augustine and Aquinas were ''two champions for predestination," and "their names have much weight in the Church of Rome." I am apt to think that such acquaintance, either with St. Augustine's writings or with those of Aquinas, is, at best, extremely slender. Whatever may be said for the truly admirable Bishop of Hippo, it is certain that the ingenious native of Aquino was by no means a consistent predestinarian. He had, indeed, his lucid intervals, but if the Arminians should find themselves at a loss for quibbles, I would recommend to them a diligent perusal of that laborious hair-splitter, who will furnish them, in their own way, with many useful and necessary quirks, without the…